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Which of the following covenants is most likely to appear in the indenture for a company's bonds?
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Restricting additional debt issuance is an example of a negative covenant. Higher interest coverage ratios are better, so a requirement that it must be below a specific threshold is unlikely. The debt-to-equity ratio as a covenant would likely have a restriction that it cannot be above (rather than below) a certain threshold.
Axioma Group submits a non-competitive bid in a sovereign government debt auction. At the end of the auction, Axioma:
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Bidders in a sovereign debt auction can submit either competitive or non competitive bids. An investor submitting a non-competitive bid agrees to accept the price determined in the auction and always receives securities, regardless of the auction outcome (similar to a market order in equity trading). Competitive bidders specify both an acceptable price and the number of securities to be purchased (specifying a price is similar to a limit order).
An investor holds a 6-year, 3.0% fixed-coupon bond with semiannual payment, trading at par value. The bond's annualized modified duration is 5.6 and annualized convexity is 28. The investor expects interest rates to decline by 54 bps. The expected percentage change in the price of the bond is closest to:
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The expected price change is calculated as follows:
A non-callable corporate bond with a coupon of 3% and a YTM of 3.5% is currently trading at 98% of par. If the YTM immediately decreased by 50 bp, the bond's price would increase by 2%. If the YTM immediately increased by 50 bp, the bond's price would decrease by:
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Because of the positive convex relationship between bond price and yield, the decrease in price that results from a 50 bp increase in yield is less than the increase in price that results from an equal-sized decrease in yield.
For a bond trading at a discount that has an effective duration of 8.5, the actual price change per 1% change in its yield to maturity:
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The actual price change depends on both the duration and convexity of the bond. While the convexity of an option-free bond is always positive, the convexity of a callable bond may be negative, so the convexity adjustment may be positive or negative.
Kantarow Inc. issued a 2% semiannual coupon bond four years ago. Currently, the bond has one year remaining to maturity and is trading at a price of 99.73. Its government benchmark bond, a one-year, 0.90% semiannual coupon bond, is trading at a price of 100.12. The Kantarow bond's G-spread is closest to:
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YTM for the Kantarow bond: N = 1 × 2 = 2; PV = –99.73; PMT = 2 / 2 = 1; FV = 100; CPT I/Y = 1.1373 × 2 = 2.2746 ≈ 228 bps
YTM for the government benchmark bond: N = 1 × 2 = 2; PV = –100.12; PMT = 0.9 / 2 = 0.45; FV = 100; CPT I/Y = 0.3896 × 2 = 0.7793 ≈ 78 bps
G-spread = 228 bps – 78 bps = 150 bps.
An analyst estimates the prices that would result from changes in yield to maturity for an option-free, 10-year coupon bond using the bond's modified duration. His price estimates will be:
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Duration is a linear measure, but the relationship between bond price and yield is actually convex, causing the estimated price change to always be low if duration alone was used.
An investor purchases a newly issued 15-year bond at a YTM of 8% when the bond's Macaulay duration is 10 years. Shortly after purchase, the market yield on the bonds increases to 9% and remains there until maturity. Assuming the bond does not default, the investor can expect to earn an annual rate of return greater than 8%:
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If an investor holds the bond for more than 10 years (its Macaulay duration), the added reinvestment income will more than offset the price decrease that results from the yield increase.
Scott Malooly recently purchased a $100,000 face value, semi-annual coupon bond from a dealer that quoted a price of 105.19. He received an invoice for $107,390. The most likely explanation is that the difference represents:
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When a bond trades between two consecutive coupon dates, the seller is entitled to receive interest earned from the previous coupon date until the date of the sale. The price paid includes accrued interest and is referred to as the full price. The quoted price is the flat price, which does not include accrued interest.
An investor bought a 3% option-free 12-year bond at a yield to maturity of 4.6% on a semiannual bond basis. If she sells this bond after seven years for 91.41, she will realize:
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Calculate the constant-yield value of the bond at the end of seven years as: N = 10; I/Y = 4.6 / 2 = 2.3; PMT = 3 / 2 = 1.5; FV = 100; CPT PV = −92.925, which is the carrying value of the bond at the time of sale. The sale price per 100 of par value is less than the carrying value by 92.925 − 91.41 = 1.515, which is the capital loss over the seven-year holding period.
The yield spread on a 5-year corporate bond is most likely to widen as a result of a(n):
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A corporate bond's spread to its benchmark is likely to widen if its credit rating is downgraded or its market liquidity decreases. Other things equal, a change in yield for the benchmark bond should not affect the yield spread.
Contingent convertible bonds differ from other bonds in that:
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Contingent convertible bonds automatically convert to equity if the issuer's equity falls below the minimum percentage stipulated by regulators. Issuers are typically banks. Neither the issuer nor the bondholder has an option to convert the shares.
For securities backed by residential mortgages, the structure that is most likely to provide credit enhancement is:
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Credit enhancements, such as a senior/subordinated structure, reapportion the default risk of a mortgage-backed security. A sequential-pay structure or a planned amortization class (PAC) tranche combined with one or more support tranches reapportion the prepayment risk of a mortgage-backed security.
The practice of notching by securities rating agencies refers to:
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Ratings for a company's bonds may be notched up or down relative to that of its senior unsecured debt, based on an individual bond's seniority and protective covenants.
From which data could an analyst calculate the implied 1-year forward rate three years from now? The:
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This calculation requires the 3-year and 4-year spot rates.
A bond that is trading at 101.3 has an effective duration of 16.4 and an effective convexity of −168. An estimate of the percentage price decrease in this bond as a result of a positive parallel shift in the yield curve of 30 basis points is closest to:
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The approximate percentage change in the bond's price is estimated as:
A floating rate note with three years to maturity is valued at 101.34 percent of par. For this bond it is most likey that the:
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The required margin is the percentage discount rate that would make the bond price equal to its par value. The quoted margin is the percentage (of par) that the bond will pay. Because this bond is trading at a premium, the required margin must be less than the quoted margin.
A distinguishing characteristic of covered bonds relative to other asset-backed securities is that:
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In contrast with other ABS, a covered bond is not set up through a bankruptcy remote SPE. The assets (loans or mortgages) backing covered bonds remain on the issuing entity's balance sheet, and in the event of default the investors have dual recourse to the assets in the cover pool and the general assets of the issuer
The repo margin in a repurchase agreement refers to the:
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The repo margin is the difference between the amount the lender of funds (buyer of the underlying bond) pays for it and its market price or value. This margin offers protection to the repo lender if the value of the bond decreases over the term of the repo agreement.
The type of securities most likely to rely on active management of portfolio assets to generate their promised cash flows is:
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Cash flows to service CDOs are generated by the CDO collateral manager's buying and selling of debt obligations in the CDO asset portfolio.
Koho Inc. 's 10-year senior unsecured bonds are currently rated Ba1 by Moody's. If Moody's upgrades Koho's rating by notch, the bonds will:
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The bonds are currently rated Ba1, which is the highest speculative grade (high yield) rating on Moody's ratings scale. A one-notch upgrade would result in a rating of Baa3, the lowest investment grade rating. An upgrade in the rating typically results in a higher bond price and therefore lower yield.
A par bond yield curve is constructed from the yields of:
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The par yield curve is constructed from the yields of hypothetical bonds at different maturities that would be trading at par given current spot rates.
The price value of a basis point for a 7% coupon, semiannual pay, 10-year bond with a $1,000 par value, currently trading at par, is closest to:
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The price value of a basis point is the change in price given a 1 basis point change in the discount rate.
For a 1 bp increase:
N = 20; PMT = 35; FV = 1,000; I/Y = 7.01 / 2 = 3.505; CPT → PV = -999.29
$1,000 − $999.29 = $0.71.
For a 1 bp decrease:
N = 20; PMT = 35; FV = 1,000; I/Y = 6.99 / 2 = 3.495; CPT → PV = 1,000.7109
1,000.7109 – 1,000 = 0.7109
PVBP = (0.7103 + 0.7109) / 2 = 0.7106.